Performance and interpretation of intraoperative cholangiography and the role of selective vs. routine intraoperative cholangiography: a narrative review

Intraoperative cholangiography (IOC), historically fluoroscopic, serves as a modality in laparoscopic cholecystectomy to identify biliary anatomy, injury, and pathologies. There has been debate between the routine and selective use of IOC. This article reviewed the literature to describe IOC performance, interpretation, and alternatives, as well as explore the debate between routine and selective use.